Bug Bounty

File inclusion vulnerabilities are deceptively simple on the surface — you trick an application into loading a file it shouldn’t. But the exploitation paths they open up range from sensitive data disclosure all the way to full remote code execution. Log poisoning, PHP filter chains, session file injection, null byte tricks — this vulnerability class has more depth than most. If you’re doing web app pentesting or bug bounty hunting in 2026, you’ll encounter file inclusion regularly. PHP applications are the most common target, but the patterns appear in other languages too. This guide covers LFI and RFI from first principles through advanced exploitation. ...

Command injection is one of the most dangerous vulnerability classes in web security. Not because it’s subtle — it’s actually one of the most direct paths to full system compromise. You inject a shell command through a web input, the server executes it, and suddenly you’re running arbitrary code on someone’s infrastructure. OWASP has kept injection in its Top 10 for over a decade for good reason. When you find command injection, the game changes. It’s not “I can read a record I shouldn’t.” It’s “I own this server.” ...

Insecure Direct Object Reference (IDOR) is consistently one of the highest-impact vulnerabilities in web applications and APIs — and it’s one of the easiest to miss during a standard pentest if you don’t know where to look. It doesn’t require complex payloads. No memory corruption. No custom shellcode. You find an ID, swap it for another ID, and suddenly you’re reading someone else’s data. Or deleting it. Or taking over their account. ...

Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) is one of the most dangerous and consistently exploited web vulnerabilities of the last five years. It made the OWASP Top 10 in 2021 and has been weaponized in some of the biggest breaches in cloud history — including the Capital One breach that exposed 100 million records. If you’re doing web application pentesting or bug bounty hunting in 2026 and you’re not hunting SSRF systematically, you’re leaving money and flags on the table. ...

Web application pentesting is where most red teamers spend the majority of their billable hours. It’s also where a huge chunk of real-world breaches happen — not through exotic exploits, but through the same OWASP Top 10 vulnerabilities that have existed for decades. This guide covers the full methodology: reconnaissance, mapping the attack surface, exploiting common vulnerabilities, and reporting findings. Whether you’re doing your first web pentest or sharpening your methodology for bug bounty, this is the process. ...